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Toxic Effects


Toxicity is complex with many influencing factors; dosage is the most important.  Xenobiotics cause many types of toxicity by a variety of mechanisms.  Some chemicals are themselves toxic.  Others must be metabolized (chemically changed within the body) before they cause toxicity.

Many xenobiotics distribute in the body and often affect only specific target organs.  Others, however, can damage any cell or tissue that they contact.  The target organs that are affected may vary depending on dosage and route of exposure.  For example, the target for a chemical after acute exposure may be the nervous system, but after chronic exposure the liver.

Toxicity can result from adverse cellular, biochemical, or macromolecular changes.  Examples are:

cell replacement, such as fibrosis

damage to an enzyme system

disruption of protein synthesis

production of reactive chemicals in cells

DNA damage

Some xenobiotics may also act indirectly by:

modification of an essential biochemical function

interference with nutrition

alteration of a physiological mechanism



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